Ad Effectiveness & ROI

Big vs. Small Influencers: Matching Follower Size to Message Strategy

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Should brands partner with influencers who have massive followings—or smaller, more niche audiences? New research shows that the answer depends on how the message is delivered. Using construal level theory, the study finds that follower size signals psychological “social distance,” which shapes how consumers process influencer content. Smaller influencers are most persuasive when brand information is explicit and shared on their own channels, while mega-influencers perform better when branding is subtle or when content appears on brand-owned channels. The results suggest that aligning influencer follower size with message diagnosticity can significantly improve campaign effectiveness.

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Designing for Fit: How Model and Product Size Influence Consumer Evaluations

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Advertisers frequently feature both products and human models in print and digital campaigns—but how large each element appears relative to the other can significantly influence consumer responses. This Journal of Advertising Research study shows that the effectiveness of this visual design choice depends on product type. Across a field experiment and multiple online studies, the researchers find that hedonic products perform better when the model is larger than the product, while utilitarian products benefit when the product itself is larger than the model. The reason: these pairings create greater conceptual fluency for consumers, making the advertisement feel more cognitively “right” and leading to stronger product evaluations and purchase intentions.

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How Unfamiliar Message Cues Can Improve Ad Recall in a Multitasking World

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

As media multitasking becomes the norm rather than the exception, advertisers face growing challenges in capturing and sustaining audience attention. This research demonstrates that introducing unfamiliar cues—such as technical or uncommon terms—into ad content can trigger selective attention and meaningfully improve ad recall, but only when audiences are multitasking in ways that are congruent with the message. Across multiple experimental studies, the findings show how curiosity-driven engagement can help ads break through distraction and be remembered more effectively.

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Improving AI-Driven Marketing Content Using LLM-Generated Knowledge

  • ARF, MSI

As generative AI becomes a central tool for producing marketing content, firms increasingly rely on fine-tuning models using engagement data, such as A/B test results. This MSI working paper argues that optimizing only for “what works” risks reward hacking, clickbait and poor generalization. The authors propose a knowledge-guided alignment framework in which large language models (LLMs) generate and validate hypotheses about why content performs well, and then use this knowledge to guide fine-tuning. Using more than 23,000 A/B-tested news headlines, the study shows that knowledge-guided AI produces higher engagement, avoids clickbait and generalizes better—especially in low-data settings.

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How Generative AI Is Reshaping Discovery, Attention and Advertising Exposure

  • ARF

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming a new gateway to online information, potentially disrupting traditional search engines, websites and advertising markets. Using detailed clickstream data from 2022–2023, this study examines how adopting LLM tools changes consumers’ online behavior. The authors find that LLM adoption gradually reduces traditional search activity and the browsing of smaller websites, while also lowering display advertising exposure. These results suggest that generative AI may reshape how users access information online and alter the distribution of attention and advertising revenue across digital platforms.

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Creative Council Peek Behind the Curtain: Brand Meets Game: Navigating Creative Strategy in High-Profile Sports Sponsorships

  • by Tommy Wu (Paramount), Young Pros Officer
  • ARF CREATIVE COUNCIL

On March 4th, The ARF Creative Council hosted its “Brand Meets Game: Navigating Creative Strategy in High-Profile Sports Sponsorship” panel, a conversation about how brands develop creative strategies and measurement frameworks for major sports partnerships. Moderated by Creative Council member Jillian Rice (Ipsos), the panel featured Matthew Gottlieb (NBCUniversal), Kristen Rumble (The Coca‑Cola Company), and Trey Ballard (Bank of America). Panelists shared perspectives on how companies activate around major sporting events, maintaining authentic connections with fans while delivering measurable business outcomes for their brands.  Kristen and Trey showed ads for their brands that had appeared in sports broadcasts to illustrate how their brand messages aligned with the spirits of the events. The discussion explored how successful sports marketing requires a balance of cultural relevance, strong creative strategy, and disciplined measurement. Speakers highlighted the importance of planning well in advance of major sporting moments, leveraging audience insights to shape storytelling, and ensuring that brand activations feel natural within the broader sports experience.

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The Attribution Working Group Drills Down into Shoppable Ads

  • by Matthew Yoli, Young Pros Officer
  • CROSS-PLATFORM MEASUREMENT COUNCIL

On February 19, 2026, the ARF Attribution Working Group hosted a deep‑dive session focused on the rapidly evolving landscape of Shoppable Ads, exploring how new formats are emerging, how they function across platforms, and how measurement practices are adapting. The discussion delved into shoppable ads across retail media networks, social platforms, display inventory, and connected TV environments, highlighting how these formats are redefining the relationship between media exposure and commerce outcomes. The conversation built on the Working Group’s broader initiative to evaluate five emerging advertising channels, an effort informed by industry interviews and an agency/advertiser survey. The session was moderated by Chip Godfrey (Director, Data Strategy, J.D. Power, and a member of the ARF Attribution Working Group). The panelists were Yannick Koger (Sr. Manager, NA Retail Measurement Solutions, Pinterest), Jared Oliver (Manager, Advanced Analytics & Modeling, Ocean Spray and a member of the Attribution Working Group), and Phil X. Jackson (Director, Global Digital Marketing Effectiveness & Innovation, Haleon).

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Understanding Transparency in Brand Backstory Experience

  • ARF; MSI

As consumers increasingly expect brands to “open their doors,” companies respond by offering behind-the-scenes experiences, such as factory tours, visitor centers and brand museums. This MSI working paper shows that these encounters are not simple acts of openness, but carefully staged performances of transparency. Drawing on a multi-method, longitudinal investigation of four brand backstory sites, the authors conceptualize brand backstories as selectively disclosive narratives enacted in space. They demonstrate how brands strategically balance revealing and concealing to create the illusion of insider access—an experience that can strengthen authenticity perceptions when executed skillfully, but easily fracture when the performance breaks down.

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