Ad Effectiveness & ROI

How LLM Adoption Is Reshaping Search, Web Traffic and Digital Advertising

  • ARF; MSI

As consumers increasingly turn to large language models for information, their wider online behavior may change in ways that affect search engines, publishers and advertisers. This MSI Working Paper analyzes detailed browsing data to examine what happens after users adopt LLMs. The researchers find that traditional search activity eventually declines by more than 20%, visits to smaller and education-related websites fall, and exposure to display advertising decreases. The findings suggest that LLMs are becoming substitutes for some established online activities while potentially concentrating traffic among the web’s largest platforms.

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Finding the Right Frequency: What Ad Repetition Means for Attention Across TV Platforms

  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

How many times should consumers see the same television ad? This Journal of Advertising Research study explores how repeated ad exposures affect viewer attention across Connected TV (CTV) and Linear TV (LTV). Using second-by-second attention data collected from more than 1,300 viewers over nearly a year, the researchers find that while repeated advertising reduces attention on both platforms, the decline is significantly steeper in CTV—especially when the same ads are shown repeatedly within short time periods. The findings offer important guidance for advertisers seeking to balance frequency with engagement.

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The Power of Persuasion in Livestream Commerce: How Benefit Appeals Drive Sales

  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

What makes consumers more likely to buy during a livestream shopping event? This Journal of Advertising Research study finds that benefit-focused messaging—where influencers emphasize how a product improves consumers' lives—significantly increases sales. Analyzing real-world TikTok livestreams and validating the findings through controlled experiments, the researchers also show that customer engagement, facial attractiveness and expressive body movement amplify the effectiveness of these benefit appeals. The findings provide practical guidance for brands and creators looking to improve livestream performance.

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Winning Sports Marketing: How Brands Capture Attention, Engagement and Growth

  • ARF
  • Knowledge at Hand | CMO Brief

Live sports remains one of the most powerful marketing platforms in today’s fragmented media environment—combining scale, attention, emotion and cultural relevance. This CMO Brief and Knowledge at Hand report explores how different sports deliver distinct value for brands and why the most effective strategies go beyond media buys to create connected, cross-platform fan experiences that drive engagement and business results.

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Winning the First Few Seconds: Understanding Gen Z Attention in Modern Video Landscapes

  • ARF ORIGINAL RESEARCH

As marketers invest more heavily in short-form and social video platforms, understanding how Gen Z allocates attention has become increasingly important. This literature review examines what current research reveals about Gen Z’s attention across social feeds, short-form video, creator content, streaming and emerging formats. The evidence suggests that Gen Z attention is not necessarily shorter, but faster, more selective and highly dependent on platform context, creative execution and brand familiarity.

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The Science of Ad Impact: How Minds Process Advertising

  • ARF; Cognition Council

This ARF Cognition Council guide brings together the latest research in neuroscience and psychology to explain how consumers process and respond to advertising. It outlines a unified framework connecting attention, emotion, memory and persuasion—showing how these cognitive processes interact to drive real-world outcomes, like brand choice and sales. Moving beyond traditional metrics, the guide highlights emerging approaches to measuring attention and emotional engagement and explores how these signals can be linked to business results. It provides a practical foundation for understanding not just whether ads are seen, but how they are experienced, remembered and ultimately acted upon.

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Striking the Right Balance in AI-Personalized Advertising

  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Generative AI is opening new possibilities for hyper-personalized advertising, including the ability to create AI-generated faces that closely resemble individual consumers. But how similar is too similar? This Journal of Advertising Research study finds that while moderate facial resemblance can improve advertising effectiveness, excessive similarity may backfire. The research introduces a new framework for measuring facial similarity and identifies an optimal personalization threshold that maximizes purchase intentions while avoiding consumer discomfort and resistance.

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When AI Meets Representation: The Consumer Reality of Synthetic Diversity

  • ARF; MSI

As brands increasingly use AI-generated people in advertising, a new MSI Working Paper explores how consumers respond when those synthetic models are used to increase racial representation. Across multiple experiments, the research finds that disclosure of AI-generated Black models can reduce brand evaluations by weakening perceptions of authenticity and commitment to diversity initiatives, while similar effects do not emerge for White models. The findings offer important guidance for marketers seeking to balance technological innovation with meaningful representation.

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