How many times should consumers see the same television ad? This Journal of Advertising Research study explores how repeated ad exposures affect viewer attention across Connected TV (CTV) and Linear TV (LTV). Using second-by-second attention data collected from more than 1,300 viewers over nearly a year, the researchers find that while repeated advertising reduces attention on both platforms, the decline is significantly steeper in CTV—especially when the same ads are shown repeatedly within short time periods. The findings offer important guidance for advertisers seeking to balance frequency with engagement.
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For years, advertisers have asked a seemingly simple question: What is the optimal frequency for an ad? Members of the ARF Cognition Council examine why that question can oversimplify how people actually perceive, learn from and remember advertising. Drawing on attention research, psychology and neuroscience, the panel discusses why impressions should not be treated as equivalent to attention, how repetition affects learning and memory, the balance between habituation and novelty, and the roles of culture and context in advertising effectiveness.
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Generative AI is changing how advertising creative is developed—but not by replacing human creativity. Drawing on interviews with industry leaders and a broad review of emerging research, this ARF Creative Council white paper examines how AI is being used across the creative process, from briefing and ideation to personalization and optimization. It explores where AI delivers the greatest value today, the risks organizations continue to navigate and why human judgment remains central to producing distinctive, effective advertising.
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How do consumers respond when brands incorporate LGBTQ themes into their advertising? An analysis of more than 20,000 YouTube comments finds that overall, sentiment toward LGBTQ-themed advertising is predominantly positive, but responses vary considerably depending on the content. Celebratory and family-oriented themes tend to generate more positive reactions, while brand activism and portrayals that challenge traditional gender expectations can produce more polarized responses. The findings underscore the importance of authenticity and understanding the social and cultural dynamics surrounding inclusive advertising.
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