Ad Effectiveness & ROI

When Confidence Cuts Through: How Arrogant Visuals Capture Attention—and When They Convert

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Can arrogance work in advertising? New research shows that visually arrogant expressions—such as confident, unsmiling, upward-tilted faces—can significantly increase consumer attention and brand recall. But attention alone doesn’t guarantee sales. Whether arrogance helps or hurts purchase intention depends on how well it aligns with a brand’s positioning. When arrogance reinforces a brand’s sense of leadership or distinctiveness, it can drive stronger buying intent. When it doesn’t, it can backfire.

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Tempo Tactics: How Fast and Slow Music Shape Consumer Responses in Video Advertising

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

A new Journal of Advertising Research study investigates how music tempo—a ubiquitous but understudied element in video advertising—interacts with regulatory focus to shape consumer purchase intentions. Analyzing 26,025 real-world video ads and running three controlled experiments, the researchers find that fast-tempo music significantly boosts purchase intention for promotion-focused ads, while tempo has no meaningful effect in prevention-focused ads. The mechanism is driven by time pressure and consumers’ reliance on heuristic vs. systematic processing. These findings offer actionable insights for advertisers optimizing creative strategy in short-form video environments.

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Maximizing Customer Lifetime Value through Subscription Models

  • ARF
  • MSI

This research explores the downstream and upstream effects of consumer-to-consumer (C2C) gift subscriptions compared to personal subscriptions in the context of live streaming. It reveals that C2C subscriptions significantly enhance customer lifetime value by encouraging more tips and comments and highlights the importance of creator performance quality in driving subscription behaviors.

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Context Effects: The Impact of TV Ads On Subsequent Ads

  • Michael Sankey, Ph.D.; Mark Truss
  • Forethought; JWT

To tackle the rarely studied topic of how a TV commercial affects ones that follow, this study analyzed the halo effects of two types of ads with important findings. Among them, it showed that an ad evoking negative feelings, such as anger or fear, can affect the ad that follows in terms of ad evaluations, brand perceptions, and purchase intent. The authors also raised a question regarding context in programmatic buys.

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How Can a Celebrity’s Smile Make a Difference?

  • Jasmina Ilicic (Monash Univ.), Alicia Kulczynski & Stacey Baxter (The Univ. of Newcastle)
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

This may bring a smile to your face. A celebrity’s smile can go a long way toward improving perceptions about an ad and purchase intent, especially when it’s perceived as genuine. The quality of a smile can even help to offset negative attitudes toward the celebrity, which can help brands minimize the need to replace celebrity talent, if a celebrity “falls from grace.”

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How Context Affects ROI

  • Chris Bacon, Horst Stipp,
  • ARF ORIGINAL RESEARCH

This addition to the ARF’s Context Effect Project provides compelling evidence for the impact of context effects on advertising effectiveness, based on an exhaustive literature search and original ARF research. While the review notes that there is no simple one-size-fits-all rule, it provides insights that can help marketing, agency and research executives who seek to improve advertising outcomes.

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