Ad Effectiveness & ROI

How Unfamiliar Message Cues Can Improve Ad Recall in a Multitasking World

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

As media multitasking becomes the norm rather than the exception, advertisers face growing challenges in capturing and sustaining audience attention. This research demonstrates that introducing unfamiliar cues—such as technical or uncommon terms—into ad content can trigger selective attention and meaningfully improve ad recall, but only when audiences are multitasking in ways that are congruent with the message. Across multiple experimental studies, the findings show how curiosity-driven engagement can help ads break through distraction and be remembered more effectively.

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Improving AI-Driven Marketing Content Using LLM-Generated Knowledge

  • ARF, MSI

As generative AI becomes a central tool for producing marketing content, firms increasingly rely on fine-tuning models using engagement data, such as A/B test results. This MSI working paper argues that optimizing only for “what works” risks reward hacking, clickbait and poor generalization. The authors propose a knowledge-guided alignment framework in which large language models (LLMs) generate and validate hypotheses about why content performs well, and then use this knowledge to guide fine-tuning. Using more than 23,000 A/B-tested news headlines, the study shows that knowledge-guided AI produces higher engagement, avoids clickbait and generalizes better—especially in low-data settings.

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Finding the Frequency Sweet Spot in Today’s TV Ecosystem

  • ARF
  • Knowledge at Hand | CMO Brief

How often should an ad be shown before it stops working—and starts to irritate viewers? The latest review of research across linear TV, connected TV (CTV) and streaming platforms makes one thing clear: there is no universal “magic number” for optimal ad frequency. Instead, effectiveness depends on context, including ad environment, timing, creative execution, brand category and audience type. This Knowledge at Hand report synthesizes academic and industry findings to help media planners strike the right balance between reinforcement and wearout in today’s fragmented TV landscape.

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Why Personalization Persuades: What the Evidence Really Says

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Does personalized advertising really work—or does it risk turning consumers off? A large-scale meta-analysis of 53 experimental studies finds that personalized ads are, on average, more persuasive than non-personalized ones, improving consumer attitudes and behavioral intentions. Crucially, personalization works not because it feels intrusive, but because it increases perceived relevance. When consumers see ads that connect to their interests and identities, persuasion improves—making personalization a low-risk, high-reward strategy when done well.

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The Attribution Working Group Drills Down into Shoppable Ads

  • by Matthew Yoli, Young Pros Officer
  • CROSS-PLATFORM MEASUREMENT COUNCIL

On February 19, 2026, the ARF Attribution Working Group hosted a deep‑dive session focused on the rapidly evolving landscape of Shoppable Ads, exploring how new formats are emerging, how they function across platforms, and how measurement practices are adapting. The discussion delved into shoppable ads across retail media networks, social platforms, display inventory, and connected TV environments, highlighting how these formats are redefining the relationship between media exposure and commerce outcomes. The conversation built on the Working Group’s broader initiative to evaluate five emerging advertising channels, an effort informed by industry interviews and an agency/advertiser survey. The session was moderated by Chip Godfrey (Director, Data Strategy, J.D. Power, and a member of the ARF Attribution Working Group). The panelists were Yannick Koger (Sr. Manager, NA Retail Measurement Solutions, Pinterest), Jared Oliver (Manager, Advanced Analytics & Modeling, Ocean Spray and a member of the Attribution Working Group), and Phil X. Jackson (Director, Global Digital Marketing Effectiveness & Innovation, Haleon).

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Understanding Transparency in Brand Backstory Experience

  • ARF; MSI

As consumers increasingly expect brands to “open their doors,” companies respond by offering behind-the-scenes experiences, such as factory tours, visitor centers and brand museums. This MSI working paper shows that these encounters are not simple acts of openness, but carefully staged performances of transparency. Drawing on a multi-method, longitudinal investigation of four brand backstory sites, the authors conceptualize brand backstories as selectively disclosive narratives enacted in space. They demonstrate how brands strategically balance revealing and concealing to create the illusion of insider access—an experience that can strengthen authenticity perceptions when executed skillfully, but easily fracture when the performance breaks down.

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Navigating the New Search Frontier: How AI Is Reshaping Discovery, Research and Shopping

  • ARF
  • Knowledge at Hand | CMO Brief

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing how consumers discover, research and evaluate products, creating a hybrid search ecosystem where traditional engines like Google remain dominant while GenAI tools increasingly shape mid-funnel decision-making. Shoppers turn to AI for clarity, comparison and confidence, yet still validate information before purchase, altering the structure of the journey and the expectations placed on brands. As AI-driven search and shopping become more influential, the implications for marketers and retailers are profound, demanding new approaches to trust, data accuracy, discoverability and optimization for agent-driven environments. This Knowledge at Hand and CMO Brief reports show how AI is reorganizing the consumer path to purchase and what this means for the future of brand visibility and retail marketing. Non-members can access this content for a limited time after registering for a free account. Click on the  “Login to Access,” then “Create an Account.”

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When Confidence Cuts Through: How Arrogant Visuals Capture Attention—and When They Convert

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Can arrogance work in advertising? New research shows that visually arrogant expressions—such as confident, unsmiling, upward-tilted faces—can significantly increase consumer attention and brand recall. But attention alone doesn’t guarantee sales. Whether arrogance helps or hurts purchase intention depends on how well it aligns with a brand’s positioning. When arrogance reinforces a brand’s sense of leadership or distinctiveness, it can drive stronger buying intent. When it doesn’t, it can backfire.

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