Journal of Advertising Research

Why Virtual Influencers Struggle to Drive Engagement

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

New research reveals that virtual influencers, despite their growing popularity and flexibility, are less effective than human influencers in driving engagement and brand outcomes. The reason lies in consumer psychology: people perceive virtual influencers as less deserving of success, which reduces feelings of envy—an emotion that typically drives social media engagement. However, this disadvantage can be mitigated when virtual influencers are paired with futuristic, technology-focused brands, where their artificial nature feels more congruent.

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How Deepfake Ads Shape Consumer Response

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

New research reveals that virtual influencers, despite their growing popularity and flexibility, are less effective than human influencers in driving engagement and brand outcomes. The reason lies in consumer psychology: people perceive virtual influencers as less deserving of success, which reduces feelings of envy—an emotion that typically drives social media engagement. However, this disadvantage can be mitigated when virtual influencers are paired with futuristic, technology-focused brands, where their artificial nature feels more congruent.

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Inside the JAR: Budgets, Attention, and Audiences — New Evidence for Smarter Advertising Across Channels

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

On April 8, 2026, the ARF featured three new articles from the Journal of Advertising Research focusing on advertising budget allocation, viewer attention, and digital magazine audience analysis. Sönke Albers presented research on optimal rules for allocating advertising budgets across movie distribution stages, extending previous work by incorporating carryover effects between stages. Zack Bhan discussed findings on ad repetition's impact on viewer attention, revealing that attention declines more rapidly in connected TV (CTV) compared to linear TV (LTV) due to higher engagement with content in CTV environments. Kaye Chan and Mark Uncles analyzed actual viewing behavior of digital magazine subscribers, finding that circulation numbers overstate actual ad delivery, with only 37% of subscribers repeating viewing content from issue to issue, with most subscribers being infrequent viewers. The presentations were followed by a Q&A session where speakers discussed practical implications and limitations of their research findings.

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Big vs. Small Influencers: Matching Follower Size to Message Strategy

  • ARF
  • JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH

Should brands partner with influencers who have massive followings—or smaller, more niche audiences? New research shows that the answer depends on how the message is delivered. Using construal level theory, the study finds that follower size signals psychological “social distance,” which shapes how consumers process influencer content. Smaller influencers are most persuasive when brand information is explicit and shared on their own channels, while mega-influencers perform better when branding is subtle or when content appears on brand-owned channels. The results suggest that aligning influencer follower size with message diagnosticity can significantly improve campaign effectiveness.

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